Urbanization and kidney dysfunction in Brazilian indigenous people: a burden for the youth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the degree of urbanization influences the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in northeastern Brazil and includes individuals aged between 30 and 70 years from two specific indigenous groups who volunteered to participate in the study: the Fulni-ô people (lowest degree of urbanization) and the Truká group (greater degree of urbanization). Cultural and geographical parameters were used to characterize and measure the magnitude of urbanization. We excluded individuals with known cardiovascular disease or renal failure who required hemodialysis. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a single measurement of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. RESULTS: A total of 184 indigenous people from the Fulni-ô group and 96 from the Truká group with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range: 15.2) were included. We found a chronic kidney disease rate of 4.3% in the total indigenous population, generally affecting an older population: 41.7% over 60 years old (p<0.001). The Truká people had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 6.2%, with no differences in kidney dysfunction across age groups. The Fulni-ô participants had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 3.3%, with a higher proportion of kidney dysfunction in older participants (of the six Fulni-ô indigenous people with chronic kidney disease, five were older). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher degree of urbanization seems to negatively influence the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people.

Urbanization and kidney dysfunction in Brazilian indigenous people: a burden for the youth

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the degree of urbanization influences the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017 in northeastern Brazil and includes individuals aged between 30 and 70 years from two specific indigenous groups who volunteered to participate in the study: the Fulni-ô people (lowest degree of urbanization) and the Truká group (greater degree of urbanization). Cultural and geographical parameters were used to characterize and measure the magnitude of urbanization. We excluded individuals with known cardiovascular disease or renal failure who required hemodialysis. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a single measurement of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation. RESULTS: A total of 184 indigenous people from the Fulni-ô group and 96 from the Truká group with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range: 15.2) were included. We found a chronic kidney disease rate of 4.3% in the total indigenous population, generally affecting an older population: 41.7% over 60 years old (p<0.001). The Truká people had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 6.2%, with no differences in kidney dysfunction across age groups. The Fulni-ô participants had a chronic kidney disease prevalence of 3.3%, with a higher proportion of kidney dysfunction in older participants (of the six Fulni-ô indigenous people with chronic kidney disease, five were older). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a higher degree of urbanization seems to negatively influence the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilian indigenous people.

Estudo observacional da cirurgia cardíaca em uma macrorregião de saúde do Vale do São Francisco em 13 anos (2008-2020) / Observational study of cardiac surgery at a health macroregion of the Vale do São Francisco in 13 years (2008-2020) / Estudio observacional de cirugía cardíaca en una macrorregión sanitaria del Vale do São Francisco en 13 años (2008-2020)

As cirurgias cardíacas têm o potencial de diminuir a mortalidade e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Por isso, conhecer o cenário das cirurgias cardíacas locais contribui para o desenvolvimento e a melhoria da assistência. O trabalho objetiva descrever o cenário dos procedimentos cirúrgicos cardiovasculares realizados na região compreendida por Juazeiro (BA) e Petrolina (PE), no período entre 2008 e 2020. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, com base em informações extraídas do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), que consiste em um banco de dados público. Foram avaliados 702 procedimentos cirúrgicos, dentre eles 386 (55%) foram de cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM), 202 (28,8%) de cirurgia valvar isolada e 114 (16,2%) de outros tipos. Houve aumento da permanência hospitalar no período analisado. Foi observado aumento da mortalidade e média de permanência hospitalar nos momentos de decréscimo no valor de financiamento e número de intervenções. Não foi observado aumento sustentado do número de procedimentos, a despeito do incremento populacional de 9,5% no período. O financiamento e o volume de procedimentos foram instáveis no período de 2008 a 2020 no Sertão do São Francisco. O menor repasse financeiro esteve associado à redução do número de procedimentos, potencialmente restringindo o acesso a pacientes com necessidades mais urgentes. Em consequência, houve aumento da mortalidade e do tempo de internação nos períodos de menor financiamento.

Cardiac surgeries have the potential to reduce mortality and improve quality of life of patients. Thus, knowing the scenario of local cardiac surgeries contributes to the development and improvement of care. This work aims to describe the scenario of cardiovascular surgical procedures performed in the region comprising Juazeiro (BA) and Petrolina (PE), between 2008 and 2020. It is an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study based on information extracted from the Hospital Information System of the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), which is a public database. We evaluated 702 surgical procedures, among which 386 (55%) were of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 202 (28.8%) of isolated valve surgery, and 114 (16.2%) others. There was an increase in hospital stay in the analyzed period. An increase in mortality and mean hospital stay was observed in moments of decrease in the value of funding and number of interventions. No sustained increase in the number of procedures was observed, despite the 9.5% population increase in the period. Funding and volume of procedures were unstable in the period from 2008 to 2020 in the Sertão do São Francisco. The lower financial transfer was associated with a reduction in the number of procedures, potentially restricting access to patients with more urgent needs. As a result, mortality and hospitalization time increased in the periods of lower funding.

Las cirugías cardíacas pueden reducir la mortalidad y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Así conocer el panorama de las cirugías cardíacas locales contribuye al desarrollo y la mejora de la atención. Este trabajo pretende describir el panorama de los procedimientos quirúrgicos cardiovasculares realizados en la región sanitaria que comprende Juazeiro (Bahía, Brasil) y Petrolina (Pernambuco, Brasil), entre 2008 y 2020. Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo, basado en información del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que consiste en una base de datos pública. Se evaluaron 702 procedimientos quirúrgicos, de los cuales 386 (55%) fueron de cirugía de revascularización coronaria (CABG), 202 (28,8%) de cirugía valvular aislada y 114 (16,2%) de otro tipo. Hubo un aumento de la estancia hospitalaria en el periodo analizado. Se observó una alza de la mortalidad y de la estancia media en el hospital cuando se redujo el valor de la financiación y el número de intervenciones. No se observó un aumento en el número de procedimientos, a pesar del incremento del 9,5% de la población en el periodo. La financiación y el volumen de procedimientos fueron inestables de 2008 a 2020 en el Sertão do São Francisco. La menor transferencia financiera se asoció a una reducción del número de procedimientos, lo que podría restringir el acceso a los pacientes con necesidades más urgentes. En consecuencia, se produjo un aumento de la mortalidad y de la duración de la estancia hospitalaria en los periodos de menor financiación.

Urbanization is Associated with Increased Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Indigenous Populations: the PAI Study / Urbanização Associa-se com Tendência a Maior Mortalidade Cardiovascular em Populações Indígenas: o Estudo PAI

Abstract Background: The cardiovascular risk burden among diverse indigenous populations is not totally known and may be influenced by lifestyle changes related to the urbanization process. Objectives: To investigate the cardiovascular (CV) mortality profile of indigenous populations during a rapid urbanization process largely influenced by governmental infrastructure interventions in Northeast Brazil. Methods: We assessed the mortality of indigenous populations (≥ 30 y/o) from 2007 to 2011 in Northeast Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states). Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death. The indigenous populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of urbanization based on anthropological criteria:9,10 Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri, and Pankararé); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tuxá, Truká, and Tumbalalá). Mortality rates of highly urbanized cities (Petrolina and Juazeiro) in the proximity of indigenous areas were also evaluated. The analysis explored trends in the percentage of CV mortality for each studied population. Statistical significance was established for p value < 0.05. Results: There were 1,333 indigenous deaths in tribes of Bahia and Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 in Group 1 (1.8% of the 2012 group population) and 73 in Group 2 (3.7% of the 2012 group population), CV mortality of 24% and 37%, respectively (p = 0.02). In 2007-2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and 44 in Group 2, CV mortality of 23% and 34%, respectively. In 2009-2010, there were 148 deaths in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2, CV mortality of 25% and 41%, respectively. Conclusions: Urbanization appears to influence increases in CV mortality of indigenous peoples living in traditional tribes. Lifestyle and environmental changes due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may increase CV risk in this population.

Resumo Fundamento: O risco cardiovascular das diversas comunidades indígenas não está bem estabelecido e pode ser influenciado pelo processo de urbanização a que se submetem esses povos. Objetivos: Investigar o perfil da mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) das populações indígenas durante o rápido processo de urbanização altamente influenciado por intervenções governamentais de infraestrutura no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Avaliamos a mortalidade de populações indígenas (≥ 30 anos) do Vale do São Francisco (Bahia e Pernambuco) no período de 2007-2011. Considerou-se mortalidade CV se a causa de morte constasse no grupo de doenças CV do CID-10 ou se tivesse sido registrada como morte súbita. As populações indígenas foram divididas em dois grupos conforme o grau de urbanização baseado em critérios antropológicos: Grupo 1 - menos urbanizadas (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri e Pankararé); e Grupo 2 - mais urbanizadas (Tuxá, Truká e Tumbalalá). Taxas de mortalidade de cidades altamente urbanizadas (Petrolina e Juazeiro) nas proximidades das áreas indígenas foram também avaliadas. A análise explorou tendências na porcentagem de mortalidade CV para cada população estudada. Adotou-se o valor de p < 0,05 como significância estatística. Resultados: Houve 1.333 mortes indígenas nas tribos da Bahia e de Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 no Grupo 1 (1,8% da população de 2012) e 73 no Grupo 2 (3,7% da população de 2012), mortalidade CV de 24% e 37%, respectivamente (p = 0,02). Entre 2007 e 2009, houve 133 mortes no Grupo 1 e 44 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 23% e 34%, respectivamente. Entre 2009 e 2010, houve 148 mortes no Grupo 1 e 29 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 25% e 41%, respectivamente. Conclusões: A urbanização parece influenciar os aumentos de mortalidade CV dos povos indígenas vivendo de modo tradicional. Mudanças no estilo de vida e ambientais devidas à urbanização somadas à subótima atenção à saúde podem estar implicadas no aumento do risco CV nos povos indígenas.

Urbanization is Associated with Increased Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Indigenous Populations: the PAI Study.

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular risk burden among diverse indigenous populations is not totally known and may be influenced by lifestyle changes related to the urbanization process. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cardiovascular (CV) mortality profile of indigenous populations during a rapid urbanization process largely influenced by governmental infrastructure interventions in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: We assessed the mortality of indigenous populations (≥ 30 y/o) from 2007 to 2011 in Northeast Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states). Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death. The indigenous populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of urbanization based on anthropological criteria:9,10 Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri, and Pankararé); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tuxá, Truká, and Tumbalalá). Mortality rates of highly urbanized cities (Petrolina and Juazeiro) in the proximity of indigenous areas were also evaluated. The analysis explored trends in the percentage of CV mortality for each studied population. Statistical significance was established for p value < 0.05. RESULTS: There were 1,333 indigenous deaths in tribes of Bahia and Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 in Group 1 (1.8% of the 2012 group population) and 73 in Group 2 (3.7% of the 2012 group population), CV mortality of 24% and 37%, respectively (p = 0.02). In 2007-2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and 44 in Group 2, CV mortality of 23% and 34%, respectively. In 2009-2010, there were 148 deaths in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2, CV mortality of 25% and 41%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Urbanization appears to influence increases in CV mortality of indigenous peoples living in traditional tribes. Lifestyle and environmental changes due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may increase CV risk in this population.